Endocrine Abstracts

Primary hyperparathyroidism, a common endocrine disorder manifested by hypercalcemia and excessive parathyroid hormone levels, is most often due to a benign parathyroid adenoma but can also result from multigland involvement or, rarely, from malignant parathyroid neoplasia. Further, while most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism have a nonfamilial/sporadic presentation, an important minority occurs in the setting of strong familial predispositions. In recent years much has be...

Primary hyperparathyroidism, a common endocrine disorder manifested by hypercalcemia and excessive parathyroid hormone levels, is most often due to a benign parathyroid adenoma but can also result from multigland involvement or, rarely, from malignant parathyroid neoplasia. Further, while most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism have a nonfamilial/sporadic presentation, an important minority occurs in the setting of strong familial predispositions. In recent years much has be...

Two major timing systems control all living organisms. The first is the “circadian” clock, which drives a vast array of internal physiological systems. This includes timing of hormone secretion, and interaction with intra-cellular signalling pathways. The second system is the less understood photoperiodic clock, in which virtually all life forms adapt to the passage of the seasons. Here, processes as diverse as reproduction, sexual behaviour, parental care, metabolis...

Setting up a new service begins with identifying patient needs at both a local and national level, with the goal of producing higher quality and more sustainable services, improved health outcomes, reduced health inequalities and better models of care. Aims and objectives of the new service need to be clearly laid out early on, with the support and input from all stakeholders to ensure its wider acceptance and long-term success. Building a business c...

There is a bi-directional relationship between hypogonadism and type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (T2DM/MetS). Studies show that up to 50% of men with MetS/T2DM have testosterone deficiency. Moreover, both hypogonadism and MetS confer increased health risk for morbidity and mortality. Men with MetS are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease and have a fivefold higher risk for developing T2DM. Notably, the inverse relationship between testosterone and MetS i...

Primary forms of infertility result from gonadal causes and have limited treatment options. In contrast, secondary infertility is of neuroendocrine origin and is amenable to several therapeutic approaches. Reproductive capacity depends on critical developmental windows of hormonal activity during neonatal life and during puberty. Thus, a developmental perspective can provide insight for predicting fertility potential as well as for guiding the selection of treatment to maximiz...

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Anabolic agents are used to enhance performance through their effects on muscle mass, strength, and stamina. The prevalence of anabolic steroid use is difficult to quantify amongst the general population, but estimates derived from anonymous questionnaire studies in various populations suggest use may be common. Up to 4% of 18 years old American males have reported use at least once. Reported use of these agents rises significantly amongst army recruits and further still in el...

Rare disease patients are frequently seen in endocrine clinic. These patients are not only faced with serious health challenges resulting from their chronic conditions, but often struggle with significant psychosocial impact. Understanding unmet patient needs and activating patients to become engaged participants in managing their condition are essential aspects for improving long-term outcomes for rare/chronic disease patients. Using the example of congenital hypogonadotropic...